Detailed Contents of 5th Semester

RATIONALE

This subject is an applied engineering subject. Diploma holders in Civil Engineering will be required to supervise RCC construction and fabrication. He may also be required to design simple structural elements, make changes in design depending upon availability of materials (bars of different diameters). He must be able to read and interpret structural drawings of different elements. This subject thus deals with elementary design principles as per BIS code of practice and their relevant drawings.

1. Introduction: 

Concept of Reinforced Cement Concrete

• 2.1 Various types of reinforcing materials
• 2.2 Suitability of steel as a reinforcing materials
• 2.3 Properties of different types of steel (mild steel, medium tensile steel, and deformed bars)

• 3.1 Assumption in the theory of simple bending for RCC beam
• 3.2 Flextural strength of a singly reinforced RCC beam 

• 3.2.1 Position of the Neutral axis, resisting moment of the section, critical neutral axis, concept of balanced, under reinforced and over reinforced sections

• 3.3 Shear strength of singly reinforced RCC beam, Assumptions made, permissible shear stresses as per IS code of practice, actual average shear stresses in singly reinforced concrete beam, concept of diagonal stirrups and inclined bars, shear strength of a RCC beam section

• 4.1 Concept of bond local and average bond
• 4.2 Permissible bond stresses for plain and deformed bars as per IS code of practice
• 4.3 Minimum length of embedment of bars
• 4.4 Actual bond stress in RCC Beams
• 4.5 Bond length (standard hook, splice length as per IS code of practice)
• 4.6 Loads and loading standards for beams as per IS:875
• 4.7 Design of singly reinforced concrete beam as per IS code of practice from the given data such as span, load and properties of materials used.
• 4.8 Design of lintel
• 4.9 Design of a main/secondary beam for a RCC flat roof and floor
• 4.10 Design of a cantilever beam/slab

• 5.1 Doubly reinforced concrete beam and its necessity
• 5.2 Strength of a double reinforced concrete beam section
• 5.3 Design of a doubly reinforced concrete beam

• 6.1 Structural behaviour of slabs under UDL
• 6.2 Type of end supports
• 6.3 Design of one way slab
• 6.4 Design of two way slab with the help of tables of IS:456

• 7.1 Reinforced brick work and its use in slabs and lintels
• 7.2 Limitations of the use of RB work
• 7.3 General principles of design of reinforced brick lintels and slabs
• 7.4 Design of RB lintels and slabs
• 7.5 Specifications for RB work construction

• 8.1 Structural behaviour of beam and slab floor laid monolithically
• 8.2 Rules for the design of T-beams
• 8.3 Economical depth of T-beams, strength of T-beams
• 8.4 Design of simply supported T-beams using IS code of practice

• 9.1 Concept of long and short columns
• 9.2 IS specifications for main and lateral reinforcement
• 9.3 Behaviour of RCC columns under axial load
• 9.4 Design of Axially loaded short and long columns with hinged ends
• 9.5 Design of Isolated footings 

• 10.1 Introduction of prestressed concrete, general theory. Linear post tensioning - general, post tensioning advantages to the design engineer and the contractor
• 10.2 Linear post tensioning system,high strength post tensioned stands,parallel lay wire, high strength alloy steel bars
• 10.3 Techniques of post tensioning - general,special requirements for forming and false work, ducts and closures, placing of ducts or tendons, concreting, stressing procedure, grouting, protecting anchorage from corrosion. 
• 10.4 Pretensioning - general, pretensioning yards set up, forms for pretensioned structural elements, special techniques of pretensioning
• 10.5 Materials of prestressing - cement, aggregates, concrete, admixtures, vibration, curing, light weight aggregates, high strength steel bars, high strength stand, stress relaxation, galvanization. Codes specifications and inspection, manufacturers of prestressing equipment, specifications, sizes and costs

1. Gambhir, M.L., "Reinforced Concrete Design", Macmillan India Limited.

2. Jai Krishna and Jain, OP; "Plain and Reinforced Concrete", Vol. I, Roorkee, Nem Chand and Bros.

3. Handoo, BL; Mahajan, VM and Singla, DR; "Elementry of RCC Design", New Delhi, Satya Prakashan.

4. Mallick, SK; and Gupta, AP; "Reinforced Concrete", New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.

5. Punmia, BC; "Reinforced Concrete Structure Vol. I", Delhi Standard Publisher Distributors.

6. Sushil Kumar, "Treasurers of Reinforced Concrete Design", Delhi Standard Publisher Distributors.

7. Ramamrutham, S; "Design and Testing of Reinforced Structures", Delhi Dhanpat Rai and Sons.

8. Dayartham, P; "Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures", New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.

RATIONALE

Construction of roads is one of the area in which diploma holders in Civil Engineering get employment. These diploma holders are responsible for construction and maintenance of highways. Basic concepts of road geometrics, surveys and plans, elements of traffic engineering, road materials, construction of rigid and flexible pavements, special features of hill roads, road drainage system and various aspects of maintenance find place in above course.

1. Introduction:

• 1.1 Importance of Highway transportation; Important organisations like Central Road Research Institute, Indian Roads Congress, Ministry of Surface Transport
• 1.2 Functions of Indian Road Congress
• 1.3 IRC classification of roads
• 1.4 Organisation of state highway department

• 2.1 Glossary of terms used in geometrics and their importance: Right of way, formation width, road margin, road shoulder, carriage way, side slopes, kerbs, formation levels, camber and gradient
• 2.2 Design and average running speed, stopping and passing sight distance
• 2.3 Curve necessity, horizontal and vertical curves including transition curves and superelevation. Methods of providing superelevation
• 2.4 Widening of roads on curves.
• 2.5 Use of IRC design tables and specifications for finding elements of road geometrics. Drawing of typical cross- sections in cutting and filling on straight alignment and at a curve

• 3.1 Designation of a topographic map, reading the data given on a topographic map 
• 3.2 Basic considerations governing alignment for a road in plain and hilly area
• 3.3 Highway location; marking of alignment; importance of various stages viz;

a) Reconnaissance survey: Conduct reconnaissance and prepare reconnaissance report

b) Preliminary survey: Object, organising, conducting and informations to be collected

c) Location survey

d) Standards for preparing the highway plans as per Ministry of Surface Transport(MOST)

• 4.1 Different types of road materials in use; soil, aggregates binders
• 4.2 Function of soil as highway subgrade
• 4.3 California Bearing Ratio; method of finding CBR value and its significance
• 4.4 Testing aggregates: Abrasion test, impact test, crushing strength test, water absorption test and soundness test
• 4.5 Aggregates: Availability of road aggregates in India, requirements of road aggregates as per IS specifications
• 4.6 Binders: Common binders; cement, bitumen and Tar, properties as per IS specifications, penetration and viscosity test of bitumen, procedures and significance, cut back and emulsion and their uses

5.1 Road pavement: Flexible and rigid pavement, their merits and demerits, typical cross-sections, functions of various components

5.2 Sub-grade preparation:

Setting out alignment of road, setting out bench marks, control pegs for embankment and cutting, borrow pits, making profiles of embankment, construction of embankment, compaction, stabilization, preparation of subgrade, methods of checking camber, gradient and alignment as per recommendations of IRC, equipment used for subgrade preparation

5.3 Flexible pavements: sub base necessity and purpose, stabilized sub base; purpose of stabilization.
Types of stablization:
a) Mechanical stabilization

b) Lime stabilization

c) Cement stabilization

d) Fly ash stabilization

5.4 Base Course:

5.4.1 Preparation of base course: Prime coat, Tack coat 

a) Brick soling

b) Stone Soling

c) Metalling: Water bound mecadam and bituminous macadams
Methods of construction as per Ministry of surface transport 

5.4.2 Prime coat, tack coat, seal coat

5.5 Surfacing : Types of surfacing
          a) surface dressing

b) (i) premix carpet

    (ii) semi dense carpet 

c) Bituminous concrete

d) Grouting

Methods of constructions as per Ministry of Surace Transport, specifications and quality control; equipment used.

5.6 Rigid Pavements:

Construction of concrete roads as per IRC specifications: Form laying, mixing and placing the concrete, compacting and finishing, curing, joints in concrete pavement, equipment used

6. Hill Roads:

• 6.1 Introduction: Typical cross-sections showing all details of a typical hill road in cuting, partly in cutting and partly in filling
• 6.2 Landslides: Causes, preventions and control measures

• 7.1 Necessity of road drainage work, cross drainage works
• 7.2 Surface and subsurface drains and storm water drains. Location, spacing and typical details of side drains, side ditches for surface drainage. Intercepting drains, pipe drains in hill roads, details of drains in cutting embankment, typical cross sections

• 8.1 Common types of road failures - their causes and remedies 
• 8.2 Maintenance of bituminous road such as patch work and resurfacing.
• 8.3 Maintenance of concrete roads-filling cracks, repairing joints, maintenance of shoulders (berms), maintenance of traffic control devices

Output and use of the following plant and equipments.

• 9.1 Hot mix plant and mix all battery.
• 9.2 Tipper, tractors (wheel and crawler) scraper, bull-dozer, dumpers, shovels, grader, roller, dragline.
• 9.3 Asphalt mixer and tar boilers.
• 9.4 Road pavers.

1. Railways

• 1.1 Different types of gauges and sections
• 1.2 Characteristics of railway embankments
• 1.3 Railway ballast and sleepers
• 1.4 Concept of creep
• 1.5 Visits to Railways Stations to study points and crossings

1. Bridges

• 1.1 Different types of bridges
• 1.2 Components of a Bridge
• 1.3 Bridge foundations

1. Tunnels

• 1.1 Necessity of tunnels
• 1.2 Methods of construction of tunnels in hard and soft rocks
• 1.3 Ventilation and drainage of tunnels

1) Determination of the california bearing ratio (CBR)for the sub-grade soil (demonstration only)

2) Determination of penetration value of bitumen

3) Determination of softening point of Bitumen

4) Determination of impact value and crushing value of the road aggregate

5) Determination of abrasion value of road aggregate

6) Determination of ductility of bitumen

7) Determination of viscosity of tar/bitumen

1) Khanna, SK and Justo, CEG, "Highway Engineering" Roorkee Nem Chand and Bros.

2) Vaswani, NK, "Highway Engineering" Roorkee, Roorkee Publishing House.

3) Priyani, VB, "Highway and Airport Engineering" Anand, Charotar Book Stall

4) Sehgal, SB; and Bhanot, KL; "A Text Book on Highway Engineering and Airport" Delhi, S Chand and Co

5) Bindra, SP; "A Course on Highway Engineering" New Delhi, Dhanpat Rai and Sons

6) Sharma, RC; and Sharma, SK; "Principles and Practice of Highway Engineering", New Delhi, Asia Publishing House

7) Duggal AK; Puri VP; "Laboratory Manual in Highway Engineering", New Delhi, New Age International Publication (P) Ltd.

8) Arora N.L.; Highway Engineering.

RATIONALE

Civil Engineering technicians are required to supervise the construction of roads and pavements, dams, embankments, and other Civil Engineering structures. As such the knowledge of basic soil engineering is the prerequisite for technicians for effective and sufficient performance of his duties. This necessitates the introduction of Soil Engineering subject in the curriculum for Diploma Course in Civil Engineering.

The subject covers only such topics as will enable the technicians to identify and classify the different types of soils, their selection and proper use in the field of engineering construction.

The emphasis will be more on the practical aspect rather than theory and mathematical treatment.

1. Introduction:

• 1.1 Importance of soil studies in Civil Engineering
• 1.2 Geological origin of soils with special reference to soil profiles in India: Residual and transported soil, Alluvial deposits, lake deposits, dunes and loess, glacial deposits, conditions in which above deposits are formed and their engineering characteristics.
• 1.3 Engineering classification of soils, comparison between sand and clay.

• 2.1 Constituents of soil, phase diagram for soil
• 2.2 Definitions and meaning of void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, water content, specific gravity of soil grains, unit weight, dry unit weight
• 2.3 Simple numericals problems with the help of phase diagrams

• 3.1 Particle size, shape and their effect on engineering properties of soil
• 3.2 Gradation of soil particales and its influence on engineering properties
• 3.3 Relative density and its use in describing cohesionless soils
• 3.4 Behaviour of cohesive soils with change in water content, Atterberg limits-definitions, use and practical significance
• 3.5 Field identification tests for soils
• 3.6 BIS soils classification system; basis, symbols, major divisions and sub divisions, groups, plasticity chart; procedure to be followed in classifying a given soil into a group

• 4.1 Concept of permeability and its importance
• 4.2 Darcy's law, coefficient of permeability, seepage velocity and factors affecting permeability
• 4.3 Comparison of permeability of different soils as per BIS
• 4.4 Measurement of permeability in the laboratory and in the field.

• 5.1 Stresses in subsoil
• 5.2 Definition and meaning of total stress, effective stress and neutral stress
• 5.3 Principle of effective stress
• 5.4 Importance of effective stress in engineering problems

• 6.1 Meaning, conditions/situations of occurance with emphasis on practical significance of:

• a) Consolidation and consolidation settlement

  b) Creep

  c) Plastic flow

  d) Heaving

  e) Lateral movement

• 6.2 Definition and practical significance of compression index, coefficient of consolidation, degree of consolidation.
• 6.3 Meaning of total settlement, uniform settlement, differential settlement and rate of settlement and their importance
• 6.4 Settlement due to construction operations and lowering of water table
• 6.5 Tolerable settlement for different structures as per BIS

• 7.1 Examples of shear failure in soils
• 7.2 Factors contributing to shear strength of soils, Coulomb's law
• 7.3 Determination of shearing strength direct shear test and unconfined compression test. Brief idea about triaxial shear test, comparison between direct shear test and triasual test.
• 7.4 Drainage conditions of test and their significance
• 7.5 Stress and strain curve, peak strength and ultimate strength, their significance
• 7.6 Discrepancies between laboratory and field tests.

• 8.1 Definition of compaction and its necessity
• 8.2 Laboratory compaction test (light and heavy as per BIS) definition and importance of optimum water content, maximum dry density; moisture dry density relations for typical soils with different compactive efforts
• 8.3 Field compaction; methods and equipment, choice of equipment
• 8.4 Compaction requirements 
• 8.5 Compaction control; Density control, field density test, (sand replacement), moisture control, Proctor's needle and its use, thickness control, jobs of an embankment supervisor in relation to compaction.
• 8.6 Factors affecting compaction

• 9.1 Concept of bearing capacity
• 9.2 Definition and significance of ultimate bearing capacity safe bearing capacity and allowable bearing pressure
• 9.3 Bearing capacity from building codes
• 9.4 Factors affecting bearing capacity
• 9.5 Concept of vertical stress distribution in soils due to foundation loads
• 9.6 Plate load test and intepretation of its results, limitations of plate load test
• 9.7 Bearing capacity by SPT and unconfined compression test
• 9.8 Soil properties governing choice of foundation type
• 9.9 Methods of improving bearing capacity of soil.

• 10.1 Purpose and scope of soil exploration
• 10.2 Undertaking planning of subsurface investigations
• 10.3 Influence of soil conditions on exploratory programme
• 10.4 Possibility of misjudgement of subsoil conditions
• 10.5 Location, depth and spacing of exploration
• 10.6 Influence of size of project and type of structure on exploratory programme
• 10.7 Methods of soil exploration; Reconnaissance, Trial pits, borings, (Auger, wash, rotary, percussion to be briefly dealt), SPT and dynamic cone penetration test (Brief description and information collected)
• 10.8 Groundwater level measurement
• 10.9 Sampling; undisturbed, distrubed and representative samples; selection of type of sample; thin wall and piston samples; area ratio, recovery ratio of samples and their significance, number and quantity of samples, resetting, sealing and preservation of samples.
• 10.10 Presentation of soil investigation results

i) Auger Boring and Standard Penetration Test

a) Identifying the equipment and accessories

b) Conducting boring and SPT at a given location

c) Collecting soil samples and their identification

d) Preparation of boring log and SPT graphs

e) Interpretation of test results

a) Extracting a block sample

b) Extracting a tube sample

c) Extracting a disturbed samples for mechanical analysis. Compaction and limit test

d) Field identification of samples

a) Calibration of sand

b) Conducting field density test at a given location

c) Determination of water content

d) Computation and interpretation of results

a) Identifying various grooving tools

b) Preparation of sample

c) Conducting the test

d) Observing soil behaviour during tests

e) Computation, plotting and interpretation of results

a) Preparation of sample

b) Conducting sieve analysis

c) Computation of results

d) Plotting the grain size distribution curve

e) Interpretation of the curve

a) Preparation of sample

b) Conducting the test

c) Observing soil behaviour during test

d) Computation of results and plotting

e) Determination of optimum moisture and maximum dry density

a) Specimen preparation

b) Conducting the test

c) Plotting the graph

d) Interpretation of results and finding/bearing capacity

i) Punrmia, BC; "Soil Mechanics and Foundations"; Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors.

ii) Bharat Singh and Shamsher Prakash; "Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering"; Roorkee, Nem Chand and Bros.

iii) Alam Singh, "Soil Engineering in Theory and Practice"; New Delhi, Asia Publishing House

iv) Sehgal, SB; "A Text Book of Soil Mechanics"; Delhi, CBS Publishers and Distributors

v) Bowles, Joseph E; "Engineering Properties of soils and their Measurement"; McGraw Hill.

vi) Parcher, JV and Means, RE; "Soil Mechanics and Foundations"; Prentice Hall of India.

vii) Sutton,BHC;"Solution of Problems in Soil Mechanics";Pitman

viii) Gulati, SK; "Engineering Properties of Soils", Tata McGraw Hill

ix) Ramanna TR; Krishnamurthy S and Duggal, AK; "Soil sampling and Testing" A laboratory manual (TTTI), Marketed by New Age International Publishers Ltd.

The important functions of a Civil Engineering technician includes the jobs of detailed surveying, plotting of survey data, preparation of survey maps and setting out works

While framing the curriculum for the subject of surveying, stress has been given to the development of the skill in each type of survey like chain surveying, compass surveying and levelling that the Civil Engineering diploma holder will normally be called upon to perform. Plane table surveying, contouring, theodilite surveying, curves and use of minor instruments have been also included in this subject.

Field work should be a selected one so that student can check his work and have an idea of the results the extent of error in the work done by him. As far as possible, the surveys done should be got plotted, as this will also reveal errors in the work and develop skill in plotting.

1. Plane Table Surveying:

1.1 Purpose of plane table surveying, equipment used in plane table survey: 

(a) Plane table

(b) Alidade (Plain and Telescopic)

(c) Accessories

1.2 SeTting of a plane table: 

(a) Centering 

(b) Levelling 

(c) Orientation

1.3 Methods of plane table surveying 

(a) Radiation, 

(b) Intersection 

(c) Traversing 

(d) Resection

1.4 Two point problem

1.5 Three point problem by

a) Mechanical Method(Tracing paper)

b) Bessel's Graphical Method

c) Trial and error method

Errors in plane table survey and precautions to control them. Testing and adjutment of plane table and alidade

4. Curves:
Simple Circular Curves:

4.1 Need and definition of a simple circular curve; Elements of simple circular curves - Degree of the curve, radius of the curve, tangent length, point of intersection (Apex point), tangent point length of curve, long chord deflectionangle, Apex distance and Mid-ordinate. Setting out of simple circular curve:

a) By linear measurements only:

- Offsets from the tangents

- Successive bisection of arcs

- Offsets from the chord produced

b) By tangential angles using a theodolite

4.2 Transition Curves:
Need(centrifugal force and super elevation) and definition of transition curve; requirements of transition curves; length of transition curves for roads; by cubic parabola; calculation of offsets for a transition curve; setting out of a transition curve by tangential offsets only.

4.3 Vertical curves
Setting out of a vertical curve

a) Abney level

b) Tangent clinometer

c) Proportionate compass

d) Ceylone Ghat Tracer

e) Pentagraph

f) Planimeter

b) No sketch of the instruments may be asked in the examination

1. Plane Table Surveying:

      i)   a) Study of the plane table survey equipment

          b) Setting the plane table

          c) Marking the North direction

          d) Plotting a few points by radiation method

ii) a) Orientation by

     - Trough compass

     - Back sighting

  b) Plotting a few points by intersection method

iv) To plot the position of plane table station by solving :

    a) Two point problem

    b) Three point problem by

      - Tracing paper method

      - Bessel's graphical method

      - Trial and Error method

vi) Use of proportionate compass for enlargement reduction of lines and areas of geometrical plane figures, volumes of solids and drawing geometrical figures of required number of sides in a circle.

i) Preparing a contour plan by radial line method by the use of a Tangent clinometer/Tacheometer

ii) Preparing a contour plan by method of squares

iii) Preparing a contour plan of a Road/Railway track/Canal by taking cross sections.

i) Taking out the Theodilite, mounting on the tripod and placing it back in the box

ii) Study of a transit vernier theodolite; temporary adjustment of theodolite

iii) Reading the vernier and working out the least count, measurement of horizontal angles by repetition and reiteration methods

iv) Prolonging a line forward and backward

v) Measurement of magnetic bearing

vi) Measurement of vertical angles and use of techeometric tables

vii) Running a closed traverse with a theodolite (at least five sides) and its plotting

i) Setting out of a simple circular curve with given data by the following methods

a) Offsets from the chords produced

b) One theodolite method

ii) Setting out a circular curve with transition length by linear measurements

b. To train the students to appreciate practical difficulties in surveying on the field

c. Making the students conversant with the camp life

d. Training the students to communicate with the local propulation

e. Providing an opportunity for the students to develop team spirit

f. To train the students for self management

1. Reconnaissance of the area and fixing control stations

2. Traversing for the establishment of the control stations

3. Adjusting and plotting the traverse (office work)

4. Carrying the BM from any available reference BM to the site of work

5. Planimetric detailing and contouring

6. Fair plotting of the contours and other details (office work)

7. Finalisation of the group sheet (office work)

) Narinder Singh; "Surveying"; New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd.

ii) Hussain, SK and Nagraj, MS; "Text Book of Surveying"; New Delhi, S Chand and Co Ltd.

iii) Deshpande, RS; "A Text Book Surveying and Levelling";Poona, United Book Corporation

iv) Kochher, CL; "A Text Book of Surveying"; Delhi, Dhanpat Rai Publishing House.

v) Kanetkar, TP and Kulkarni, SV., "Surveying and Levelling", Poona, AVG Parkashan

vi) Kanetkar, TP; and Kulkarni, SV; "Surveying and Leveling-Vol.2" Poona, AVG Prakashan

vii) Punima, BC; "Surveying and Levelling - Vol. 2", Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors

viii) Shahai, PB; "A Text Book of Surveying Vol. 2", Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. 
 

1. Details of reinforcement in a simply supported RCC beam, singly reinforced and doubly reinforced with the given design data regarding the size and number of bars, stirrups their size and spacing.

2. Details of reinforcement for a RCC square and circular column with isolated square footing

3. Details of reinforcement for a cantilever beam with given data regarding the size of the beam and the reinforcement

i) Building Construction sites

ii) Water treatment plant

iii) Sewage treatment plant

iv) River valley projects

v) Aggregate production sites

vi) Highway construction site

vii) Material and soil testing laboratory

viii) Soil investigation projects

ix) Land surveying projects

x) Community development works

xi) Any other constructional site like bridge, tunnel, canal lining, construction of railway track, irrigation works etc.

a) Attendance and Punctuality 15%

b) Initiative in perfoming tasks/learning new things 15% 

c) Relations with people 15%

d) Report writing 55%