RATIONALE

Computers play a very vital role in present day life, more so, in the professional life of engineers. In order to enable the students use the computers effectively in problem solving, this course offers the modern programming language C along with exposition to various engineering applications of computers. The knowledge of C language will be reinforced by the practical exercises during the course of study.

1. Information Storage and Retrieval

• Need for information storage and retrieval
• Creating data base file
• Querying database file on single and multiple keys
• Ordering the data on a selected key
• Programming a very simple application

• Basic structure of C programs
• Executing a C program
• Constants, variables, and data types
• Operators and expressions
• Managing Input-Output operations like reading a character,  writing a character, formatted input, formatted output through print, scan, getch, putch statements etc.
• Decision making and branching using IF ..... else, switch, go to statements.
• Decision making and looping using do-while, and for statements
• Arrays - one dimensional and two dimensional

•   Commercial and business data processing application
•   Engineering computation
•   CAD, CAM, CAE, CAI

1. Creating database.

2. Querying the database.

3. Report generation.

4. Programming in dbase

5. Use of spread sheets/Matlan/Mathematics/Eureka (or any other package) for engineering computers.

6. Use of design packages (appropriate design packages may be selected depending upon the branch)

7. Use of CAI packages.

8. Programming for DAS and control.

9. Exercises on data acquisition.

10. Exercises on control - on/off switch, and proportional control.

11. Programming exercise on executing a C program

12. Programming exercise on editing a C program

13. Programming exercise on defining variables and assigning values to variables.

14. Programming exercise on arithmetic and relational operators.

15. Programming exercise on arithmetic expressions and their evaluation.

16. Programming exercise on reading a character.

17. Programming exercise on writing a character.

18. Programming exercise on formatting input using print.

19. Programming exercise on formatting output using scan.

20. Programming exercise on simple if statement.

21. Programming exercise on IF .... else statement.

22. Programming exercise on switch statement.

23. Programming exercise on goto statement.

RATIONALE

The study of this subject will help a student to gain the knowledge of the working principles and operation of different electronic instruments (Analog as well as digital). The practical work done in this subject will help to acquire skills in operation and testing of the instruments as per their specifications. Skills in fault diagnosis and repair of instruments will also be imparted. 

1. Basics of Measurement

Review of performance specifications of instruments - accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range etc. Errors in measurement and loading effects

2. Measuring Instruments: 

a) Working principles and construction of ammeters and voltmeters (moving coil and moving iron type)

b) Difference between ammeter and voltmeter, extension of their range and simple numerical problems

c) Principle and working of:

•  Wattmeter (dynamo-meter type)
•  Energy meter (induction type)

a) Principles of measurement of dc voltage and dc current, ac voltage, ac current and resistance in a multimeter

b) Specifications of a multimeter and their significance

c) Limitations with regards to frequency and input impedance

a) Advantages over conventional multimeter for voltage measurement with respect to input impedance and sensitivity

b) Principles of voltage, current and resistance measurements (block diagrams only)

c) Specifications of an electronic Voltmeters/Multimeter and their significance.

a) Types of AC milli voltmeters: Amplifier-rectifier, and rectifier-amplifier. Block diagram and explanation of the above types of ac milli voltmeter

b) Typical specifications and their significance

a) Construction of CRT, Electron gun, electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only - no mathematical treatment) Deflection sensitivity, brief mention of screen phosphor for CRT in relation to their visual persistence and chemical composition

b) Explanation of time base operation and need for blanking during flyback; synchronisation 

c) Block diagram explanation of a basic CRO and a triggered sweep oscilloscope, front panel controls

d) Specifications of a CRO and their significance

e) Use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (dc and ac) frequency, time period, and phase angles

d) Special features of dual trace, delayed sweep and storage CROs (brief mention only); introduction to digital CROs

e) CRO probes, including current probes.

f) Digital Storage Oscilloscope: Block diagram and principle of working.

a) Block diagram, explanation and specifications of

•  laboratory type low frequency and RF signal generators
•  pulse generator, and function generator

b) Brief idea for testing, specification for the above instruments

c) Distortion factor meter, wave analysis and spectrum analysis

a) Block diagram explanation of working principles of a laboratory type (balancing type) RLC bridge. Specifications of a RLC bridge.

b) Block diagram and working principles of a Q-meter

a) Comparison of analog and digital instruments, characteristics of a digital meter

b) Working principles of ramp, dual slope and integrating type of digital voltmeter

c) Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter

d) Working principle of time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/frequency counter, time-base stability, accuracy and resolution.

e) Principles of working and specifications of logic probes, signature analyser and logic analyser. 

f) Digital LCR bridges

       b) To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltages and currents

This course will enable students to learn about wave shaping circuits such as Timers, Multi-vibrators, Time Base Circuits, VCO and their behaviour to discrete signals. In addition, power switching devices like thyristors and power supplies supplement the knowledge of devices and circuits. Hence the course.

General idea about different wave shapes. Review of transient phenomena in R-C and R-L Circuits. R-C and R-L differentiating and integrating circuits. The applications (physical explanation for square/rectangular input wave shapes only). Diode clippers, series and shunt biased type. Double clipper circuits. Zener diode clipper circuits. Use of transistors for clipping. Diode clamping circuit for clamping to negative peak, positive peak or any other level for different input waveforms (e.g. sine, square, triangular), Ideal transistor switch, explanation using C.E. output characteristics. 

2. Timer I.C.

Block diagram of I.C timer (such as 555) and its working. 

3. Multi vibrator Circuits

Concept of multi vibrator: astable, mono stable, bi stable. 555 timer as mono and a stable multi vibrator. Op-amp as mono stable, astable multi vibrator and schmitt trigger.

4. Time Base Circuits

Need of time base (Sweep) wave forms, special features of time base signals. Simple method of generation of saw tooth wave using charging and discharging of a capacitor. Constant current generation of linear sweep voltage circuit using op-amp.

5. Integrated Electronics

Fabrication of transistor by planner process, a typical fabrication process for ICS (brief explanation)

6. Regulated Power Supply

Concept of regulation. Principles of series and shunt regulators. Three terminal voltage regulator ICs (positive, negative and variable voltage applications) Block diagram of a regulated power supply. Concepts of cv, cc and fold back limiting, short circuit and overload protection.

Major specifications of a regulated power supply and their significance (line and load regulation, output ripple and transients)

Basic working principles of a switched mode power supply

Concept of floating and grounded power supplies and their interconnections to obtain multiple output supplies

Brief idea of CVT, UPS and dual tracking power supply.

Name, symbol, characteristics and working principles of bnbn diode. Mention of their applications.

Basic structure, principle of operation and VI characteristics of UJT. Explanation of working of UJT as relaxation oscillator and its use in thyristor triggering.

i) R-C differentiating circuits

ii) R-C integrating circuits for square wave input (Observe the effect of the R-C time constant of the circuit on the output wave shape for both the circuits)

ii) Construct a double clipper circuit using diodes and d.c. sources and observe wave shapes

iii) Construct zener diode and transistor clipper circuits for positive peak, negative peak and double clipping of sine and other wave shapes.

iv) To clamp sine and square wave to their positive and negative peaks and to a specified level.

ii) To calculate the values and assemble and test simple transistor switching circuits to switch on an:

a) LED

b) Relay

c) 200/500 mA Lamp of 6 or 12 volts

RATIONALE

The purpose of this subject is to give practice to the student in elementary design and drawing of circuits of a small power transformer, design of square wave generator and circuitry for using a dc micro-ammeter.

For studying the electronic manufacturing practices, the detailed study of design and fabrication of PCBs with a view to assemble desired instruments is necessary. The topic of production, testing and documentation have been included to give an overall picture of the process of manufacture of electronic devices and systems. Particularly, the students should be oriented to practise and draw on the skills acquired in various workshops attended by them earlier.

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Circuit Drawing

Circuit diagram of typical multimeter, Circuit diagram of a typical electronic multimeter. Circuit diagram of a typical transistor radio receiver. Complete block diagram of a typical monochrome TV transmitter and receiver system. Front panel details of typical CRO.

2. Design and Drawing for the given Specifications

(a) A small power transformer. A simple power supply using a full wave rectifier and different types of filters. A simple zener regulated power supply. A small-signal (single-stage low-frequency amplifier (given specifications being the input impedance, load impedance, voltage gain and input signal level and the frequency range). 

(b) Square-wave generator using 555 timer. Sinusoidal oscillator - Wein's Bridge type using an Operational Amplifier. Voltage-controlled oscillator using IC565.

(c) Circuitry for using a DC micro-ammeter as Voltmeter 

Current meter | for specified ranges
Ohm meter 

3.1 Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs):

(a) PCB board materials, their characteristics and plating, corrosion and its prevention.

(b) Photo processing, screen printing, etching, high speed drilling, buffing, surface treatment and protection from harsh environments, plated through holes, double sided and multi-layer PCBs. 

(c) Standards of board sizes. Modular assemblies edge connectors, multi board racks, flexible boards.

(d) Assembly of circuits on PCB, soldering techniques, role of tinning, flow and wave soldering. Solderability, composition of solder. Edge connector. Elements of wire shaping.

3.2 Production: 
Storage and supply of components for assembly, role of incoming inspection of components, assembly line reduction, tools and jigs for lead bending. Manual and automatic insertion techniques. Closed loop assembly of modules and/or complete instruments. Specific examples of small scale and large scale production be given to illustrate above mentioned methods

3.3 Testing: 
Jigs and fixtures for operational testing of modules/sub- assemblies. Sequence testing for failure analysis. Environmental testing at elevated temperature and humidity. Vibration and mechanical endurance testing. Packing for transportation

3.4 Documentation: 
Statement of brief specifications, detailed specifications and limitations. Block diagram, detailed diagrams. Testing and checking points. Warning relative to high voltage for handling during repair. Fault location guide. Simple solutions for fault removal

5. Production Planning 

6. CNC drilling, photo plating 

1. Preparation of PCBs (Handmade and screen printed) from schematic diagrams (4-6 examples such as single transistor voltage stabilizer, regulated supply, timer etc.)

2. Fabrication of small equipment including chassis, front panel etc (4-6 jobs of increasing proportionality) involving different techniques of making chassis/cabinets, panel engraving.

RATIONALE

The study of microprocessors in terms of architecture, software and interfacing techniques leads to the understanding of working of CPU in a microcomputer. The development in microprocessors of 32 bit architecture brings them face-to-face with mainframe systems. Thus the study of microprocessors is relevant in finding employment in RandD, assembly, repair and maintenance of hardware of microprocessors and computers.

Microprocessors find application in process control industry. They are also a part of the electronic switching system between source and destination in long distance telecommunications. Thus the microprocessors is an area of specialisation. Students of electronics engineering often use microprocessors to introduce programmable control in their projects, in industrial training. 

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Introduction

a) Typical organisation of a microcomputer system, and functions of its various blocks

b) Microprocessor, its evolution, function and impact on modern society

a) Concept of Bus, Bus organisation of 8085

b) Functional block diagram of 8085, and function of each block

c) Pin details of 8085 and related signals.

d) Demultiplexing of Address/Data bus (AD₀-AD₇). Generation of read write control signals.

e) How is stored program executed?

Memory organisation, memory map. Partitioning of total memory space. Address decoding, concept of I/O mapped I/Oand memory mapped I/O. Interfacing of memory and I/O devices.

a) Brief idea of machine and assembly languages. Machine and Mnemonic codes

b) Instruction format and Addressing mode. Identification of instructions as to which addressing mode they belong.

c) Concept of Instruction set. Explanation of the instructions of the following groups of instruction set (of 8085):

d) Programming exercises in assembly language. (Examples can be taken from the list of experiments)

a) Instruction cycle, machine cycle and T states

b) How a stored programme is executed - Fetch and execute cycle.

Concept of interrupt, maskable and non-maskable, edge triggered and level triggered interrupts. Software interrupt, Restart interrupts and its use. Various hardware interrupts of 8085. Servicing interrupts, extending interrupt system.

Concept of programmed I/O operations, sync data transfer, async data transfer (hand shaking), interrupt driven data transfer, DMA, serial output data, serial input data.

    b) To subtract a 8 bit number from another 8 bit number using 2's complement

     b) Largest number of three numbers

Minor project work aims at exposing the students to the various industries dealing with electronics components, devices, circuitry and micro processors. They are expected to learn about the construction, working principles of different electronic and Micro processors based instruments. It is expected from them to get acquainted with industrial environment at the shop floor and acquire desired attitudes. For this purpose students during middle of course are required to be sent for a designated period in different industries where production/servicing/installation of microprocessor based systems is going on. Depending on the interest of students they are sent to :

1. Communication stations.

2. Various micro processor oriented industries.
3. Telephone/Telegraph stations.
4. Micro processor based control system industries.
5. Medical electronics industries.
6. Repair and maintenance work shops.

As a minor project activity each student is supposed to study the operations at sight and prepare a detail project report of the observations/processes/activities by him/her. These students should be guided by respective subject teachers. Each teacher may guide a group of 4 to 5 students.

The teachers along with field supervisors/engineers will conduct performance assessment of students.

Criteria Weightage

1. Attendance and Punctuality. 15%
2. Initiative in performing tasks/clearing new things. 15%
3. Relation with people 15%
4. Report writing and seminar 55%