RATIONALE

The objective of teaching this subject to the students is to give him an in-depth knowledge of various aspects of black and white and colour TV. This is to develop in him, capability to assemble Television sets and also to systematically diagnose its faults and rectify the same.

1. Television Communication

(a) Monochrome TV Communication : 

•  Elements of TV communication system.
•  Scanning, its need for picture transmission.
•  Need for synchronizing and blanking pulses.
•  Progressive scanning; interlaced scanning; its need; persistence of vision. Frame, field and line frequencies bandwidth requirement for picture transmission. Concept of picture resolution and its dependence on bandwidth.
•  Composite video signal (CVS). Blacker than-black level CVS at the end of even and odd fields. Equalising pulses and their need.
•  Construction and working of monochrome picture tube. Comparison of magnetic and electric deflection of beam.
•  Construction and working of vidicon, and plumbicon camera tubes. Typical voltages at different electrodes. Block diagram of TV camera and the transmitter chain.
•  Block diagram of a TV receiver, function of each block and waveforms at the input and output of each block.
•  Frequency range of various VHF bands and channels used in India. Major specifications of the CCIR.

(b) System adopted in India. Channel bandwidth and transmitted RF spectrum. 
 

• Concepts of positive and negative modulation, VSB transmission, trap frequencies and aspect ratio.
• Typical circuits of scanning and EHT stages of TV receiver and explanation of their working principles. Function of keyed AGC.
• Function and location of brightness, contrast V-hold, H-hold and centering control.
• Identification of faulty stage by analysing the symptoms and basic idea of a few important faults and their remedies.

•  Relative sensitivity of eye to different spectral colours (visibility curve).
•  Primary colours, tristimulus values; trichromatic coefficients. Concepts of additive and subtractive mixing of colours. Concepts of luminance, Hue and saturation. Representation of a colour in colour triangle. Non-spectral colours.
•  Compatibility of colour TV system with the monochrome TV system. Block diagram of colour TV camera. Basic colour TV systems - NTSC, SECAM and PAL; their advantages and disadvantages.
•  Construction and working principles of trinitron and PIL types of colour picture tubes. Concepts of convergence, purity, blue-beam shifting.
•  Need for luminance signal and band-sharing by colour signals. Sub-carrier frequency. Colour-difference signal, its need. Synchronous quadratic modulation and representation of a colour by a vector. Burst signal, its need. Chrominance signals.
•  Block diagram of PAL TV receiver and explanation of its working.

•  Principles of working with block diagram function of each of the component unit.

1. To identify the receiver components, and locate different stages on the chassis of a Black and White TV receiver
2. To identify of receiver components, and locate different stages on the chassis of a PAL colour TV receiver.
3. To operate various controls and adjustments on a TV receiver, and observe their effect (Contrast Brightness, volume, tone, fine tune, hold, height, width, H and V linearity, AGC, raster centering, corner and pincushion correction etc)
4. To operate various controls and adjustments on a PAL TV receiver and observe their effect (colour control, AFT, FCC, gray scale tracking).
5. To note DC voltages and the wave forms at various points in a B/W TV receiver
6. To note DC voltages and the wave forms at various points in a PAL colour TV receiver.
7. a) To observe the effect of brightness control on the grid-to-cathode bias of the CRT and note the cut off bias for CRT
   b) To observe the effect of contrast control on the luminance signal at the cathode of the CRT
8. To use a colour pattern generator and subjectively evaluate the raster reproduction
9. To install and study satellite TV receiver system including dish antenna and the receiver.
10. To study typical faults in different sections of a B/W TV receiver.
11. To study typical faults in different sections of a PAL TV receiver.

RATIONALE

This course deals with the advanced digital and data communication techniques beyond the conventional communication. It involves the use of modems in synchronous and asynchronous data transmission. It encompasses the modern communication network and integrated services like ISDN and Radio paging along with cellular mobile telephones, FAX, electronic exchanges etc. so vital for present day communication.

1. Introduction:

Basic block diagram of digital and data communication systems. Their comparison with analog communication systems. 

2. Coding 

a) Introduction to various common codes 5 bit Baudot code, 7 bit ASCII, ARQ, EBCDIC

b) Code error detection and correction techniques - Redundancy, parity, block check character (BCC), Vertical Redundancy check (VRC), Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC), Cyclic Redundancy check (CRC), Hamming code

a) Basic block diagram and principle of working of the following:

•  Amplitude shift keying (ASK): Interrupted continuous wave (ICW), two tone modulation
•  Frequency Shift keying (FSK)
•  Phase shift keying (PSK)

5. UART, USART:

Their need and function in communication systems

6. Modems: 

Need and function of modems, Mode of modems operation (low speed, medium speed and high speed modems). Modem interconnection, Modem data transmission speed, Modem modulation method, Modem interfacing (RS 232 Interface, other interfaces).

7. Network and Control Considerations: 

•  Protocols and their functions.
•  Data communication network organisation, Basic idea of various modes of digital switching - circuit switching, message switching, packet switching.
•  Basic concept of Integrated Services
•  Digital Network (ISDN) its need in modern communication, brief idea of ISDN interfaces
•  Basic idea of local area Network (LAN), and its various topologies

Radio-telemetry, and its application. Block diagram of TDM and FDM telemetry system 

9. Radio-paging systems: Concept and applications. 

10. Electronic Exchange:

•  Typical telephone network. Various switching offices (Regional Centre, District Centre, Toll Centre, Local Office) and their hierarchy. 
•  Principles of space division switches. Basic block diagram of a digital exchange and its working.
•  Combined space and time switching: Working principle of STS and TST switches.
•  Functions of the control system of an automatic exchange. Stored programme Control (SPC) processor and its application in electronic exchange and rural telephone exchange.
•  Introduction to PBX, PABX and EPABX. Function of PBX. PABX relation with central office. Modern PABX capabilities.

Concept of cells and frequency reuse. Special features of cellular mobile telephone. 

Basic idea of FAX system and its applications. Principle of operation and block diagram of modern FAX system. Important features of modern FAX machines.

13. Carrier Telephony 

Features of carrier telephone system; hybrid coils.Frequency allocation and formation of groups. Schematic diagram and working of 3-channel and 12 channel carrier system. Carrier and pilot frequency generation

1. Transmission of Hamming code on a serial link and its reconversion at the receiving end. 
2. Observe wave forms at input and output of ASK and FSK modulators
3. To transmit parallel data on a serial link using USART
4. Transmission of data using MODEM.
5. Observe wave forms at input and output of a TDM circuit
6. To study the construction and working of a telephone handset
7. To study the construction and working of a FAX machine.
8. To study the construction and working of an EPABX.
9. To study the working of a cellular mobile system and pagers
10. To study the working of a LAN system.

RATIONALE

This subject is the part of the wireless communications, it includes an exposure to microwave engineering, radar systems and also radio navigation. In microwaves industry, job opportunities are of assembly, production, installation, repair and maintenance of microwave transmitters and receivers. The knowledge of radar systems and radio navigation allows opportunities with civil and defence organisations dealing with aircraft and shipping.

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Microwaves: 

Introduction to microwaves and its applications.Classification on the basis of its frequency bands (HF, VHF,UHF, L, S, C., X, Ku, K, Ka, mm, sub mm)

2. Microwave Devices: 

Basic concepts of thermoionic emission and vacuum tubes. Effects of inter-electrode capacitance, Lead Inductance and Transit time on the high frequency performance of conventional vacuum tubes, and steps to extend their high frequency operations. 

Constructional, characteristics, operating principles and typical applications of the following devices: (No mathematical treatment)

•  Multi cavity klystron
•  Reflex klystron
•  Multicavity magnetron
•  Travelling wave tube
•  Gun diode and
•  Impatt diode

Rectangular and circular wave guides and their application. Modes of wave guide. Propagation constant of a rectangular wave guide, cut off wavelength, guide wavelength and their relationship with free space wavelength (no mathematical derivation). Impossibility of TEM mode in a wave guide. Field configuration of TE₁₀, TE₂₀ and TM₁₁ modes

4. Microwave Components: 

Constructional features, characteristics and application of: tees, bends, matched termination, twists, detector mount, slotted section, directional coupler, fixed and variable attenuator, isolator, circulator and duplexer; coaxial to wave guide adapter

5. Microwave antennas:

Structure characteristics and typical applications of Horn and Dish antennas

a) Block diagram and working principles of microwave communication link

b) Troposcatter Communication: Troposphere and its properties, Tropospheric duct formation and propagation, troposcatter propagation. Block diagram of Tropospheric communication link. Diversity phenomenon. Advantages, disadvantages and applications of troposcatter communication.

7. Radar Systems: 

a) Introduction to Radar, its various applications. Radar range equation (no derivation) and its applications.

b) Block diagram and operating principles of basic pulse radar, concepts of ambiguous range, radar area of cross-section, and its dependence on frequency.

c) Block diagram and operating principles of CW (Doppler) and FMCW radars, and their applications.

d) Block diagram and operating principles of MTI radar.

e) Radar display - PPI.

1. To measure electronics and mechanical tuning range of a reflex klystron

2. To measure VSWR of a given load

3. To measure input impedance of a horn

4. To measure the klystron frequency by slotted section method

5. To measure the directivity and coupling of a directional coupler

6. To plot radiation pattern of a horn antenna in horizontal and vertical planes

7. To verify the properties of magic tee

NOTE: Visits to the appropriate sites of microwave industries and communication stations should be made to understand their working. A comprehensive report must be prepared by all the students on these visits, especially indicating the dates and locations of their visits.

RATIONALE

PC's have become a necessity in the industry and in offices and are becoming increasingly popular in homes too. With advances in technology, prices have come down and systems based on 80386's, 80486's and Pentium are easily available. This course gives the organisation of a personal computer based on the Bus structure and principles of working of various other components like video-display, keyboard, drives and printers etc. In addition, the software features like BIOS and DOS services have been included.

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Hardware Organisation of PC 

Microcomputer organisation, 8086/8088 microprocessor, its architecture, instruction set, memory address and addressing techniques and I/O addressing. The mother-board of the PC: memory organisation, system timers/counters, interrupt vectoring, Interrupt controller, DMA controller and its channels, PC-bus slots, various types of digital buses. Serial I/O ports e.g COM1 and COM2, parallel ports. 

2. The Video Display of the PC: 

The basic principles of the working of Video monitors, video display adapters (monochrome and colour graphic). Video modes.

3. The Keyboard of the PC: 

The basic principles of the working of a PC Keyboard. Scan codes.

4. Disk Drives: 

•  Constructional features of Hard disk, Floppy disk and their drives (HDD and FDD).
•  Logical structure of a disk and its organisation: Boot Record, File Allocation Table (FAT), Disk Directory, Data Space.

Basic features of various other peripheral devices e.g mouse, printers (DMP, Inkjet, laser), scanner, plotter, digitizer and Modem.

6. Power Supplies: 

SMPS used in PC and its various voltages. Basic idea of constant voltage transformer (CVT) and un-interrupted power supply (UPS) - off line and On-line. 

7. The BIOS and DOS Services: 

The basic ideas of BIOS and DOS Services for Diskette, Serial Port, Keyboard, Printer and Misc. services.

8. Advanced Microprocessors: 

Basic features of 32-bit Intel microprocessor 80386, 80486 and Pentium.

1. To identify various components, devices and sections of a PC.

2. To interconnect the system unit with the video monitor, mouse and keyboard, and test the operation of the PC.

3. To connect various add-on cards and I/O devices to a PC mother-board, and test their working.

4. To note the voltages and waveforms at various terminals in the I/O channel (Bus Slots).

5. To study the SMPS circuit of a PC, measure various supply voltages, and connect it to the mother-board and other appropriate I/O device.

6. To study the operation of a CVT used to supply power to a PC

7. To study the operation of an uninterrupted power supply (UPS)

LIST OF BOOKS:

1. Bose, SK, "Hardware and Software of Personal Computers". Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.

2. Hall, Douglas, "Microprocessors and Interfacing". McGraw Hill.

3. Uffenbeck. 

Major project work is meant for solving live problems faced by electronics industries by applying the knowledge and skills gained through the diploma course in electronics with specialisation in microprocessor. The institute offering the course will identify live problems pertaining to Electronics industries. The activity of problem identification should begin well in advance (say in the beginning of fifth semester). Students should be allotted a problem of interest to him/her as a major project work. For solving one problem there should not be more than two students in a group. The students will execute the project work under the guidance of teachers. Each teacher would not have more than 6 students for guiding major project work.

The students will be given major project assignment for a period of 6 to 8 weeks at a stretch in the final semester. During this project period, concerned teacher will monitor the progress of students by paying regular visits to the industry. The students will submit a comprehensive project report (in a presentable manner, preferably typed and bound) for evaluation by the teacher guide, an expert from industry as an external examiner.

Some of the project activities are given below:
 

•  Projects related to designing small electronic equipment/ instruments
•  Projects related to increasing productivity
•  Projects related to quality assurance
•  Projects related to estimation and economics
•  Projects connected with repair and maintenance of plant and equipment
•  Projects related to design of PCBs
•  Projects related to suggesting substitutes of electronics components being used
•  Projects related to design of small oscillators and amplifiers circuit
•  Projects related to design, fabrication, testing and application of simple digital circuits and components
•  Projects related to microprocessor based circuits/ instruments
•  Software projects related to electronics field.
•  Projects related to design fabrication testing troubleshooting of medical electronics equipment
•  Any other related problems of interested of host industry.

•  Attendance and Punctuality           15%  | 
•  Initiative in problem solving             30%  | Weightage
•  Relationship with people                10%  | 
•  Report-Writing                              45%  |