CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY- I   (General Microbiology)

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3   -  4

RATIONALE

         The students undergoing training of medical laboratory technology are given the knowledge of basic morphological features of bacteria, their staining characters, sterilization methods, preparation of culture media, biochemical test for Identification of bacteria and their anti-microbial sensitivity tests. They are also taught safety measures in microbiology.


DETAILED CONTENTS

Theory

1.                  Introduction to Microbiology                                                                                 (02 hrs)                                               

Definition, history, importance of microbiology

2.                  Morphology of bacteria (04 hrs)Anatomy of a bacterial cell including spores, flagella and capsules

3.                  Bacterial Growth and Nutrition of bacteria                                                               (02 hrs)

Bacterial growth curve and bacterial nutrition    

4.                  Classification of micro-organisms with special reference to bacteria                             (02 hrs)

-  General

-  Biological

5.                  Sterilization                                                                                                      (06 hrs)

Definition, sterilization by dry heat, moist heat (below, at and above 100o C), Autoclave and Hot air oven its structure and functioning, preventive measures, controls and sterilization indicators, sterilization by radiation and filtration

6.                  Antiseptics and Disinfectants                                                                               (04 hrs)                                    

Definitions, types, properties, use of disinfectants and antiseptics, efficiency testing of disinfectants

7.                  Microscopy                                                                                                      (04 hrs)

Care, principle, working and preventive maintenance of compound microscope, principle of dark field flourescent microscope, phase contrast and electron microscope 

8.                  Staining techniques                                                                                            (06 hrs)                                   

Methods of smear preparation, Gram stain, AFB stain, Albert’s stain and special staining for spore, capsule

9.                  Culture Media                                                                                                    (06 hrs)                                   

Ideal culture media and its types (Liquid and Solid media, Defined and Synthetic media, Basal, Enriched, Selective, Enrichment, Indicator, and Transport media)

10.              Bacterial culture and culture techniques                                                                 (04 hrs)                                                     

Inoculations of culture media, aerobic and anaerobic culture, isolation of pure cultures and disposal of cultures

11.              Identification of bacteria                                                                                     (06 hrs)

Identification of bacteria by

i)                    Microscopic examination of bacterial morphology

ii)                   Colony characteristics

iii)                 Bio-chemicals such as:

a)                  Carbohydrate utilization tests

b)                  Catalase, oxidase, coagulase

c)                  Indole

d)                  Citrate

e)                  MR and VP

f)                    Urease

g)                  Motility demonstration methods 

12.              Antibiotic sensitivity

-           Disc Diffusion method – principle, procedure and precautions                         ( 2 hrs) 

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1.                  Demonstration of safety rules (universal precautions) in a microbiology laboratory

2.                  Preparation of cleaning agents and techniques of cleaning of glass and plastic ware. Disposal of cultures

3.                  Sterilization by autoclave and hot air oven

4.                  Sterilization by filtration (Seitz)

5.                  In use test

6.                  Handling and use of compound microscope

7.                  Staining techniques: Gram, Albert’s, Ziehl – Neelson’s

8.                  Demonstration of Spore, Capsule staining

9.                  Demonstration of motility (Hanging drop method)

10.            Preparation and sterilization of various culture media ( Nutrient agar, Nutrient broth, Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Macconkey agar, Lowen jensen

11.              Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods

12.              Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria:

Principle, procedure and interpretation of following biochemical tests – Catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, MR, VP, Urease, citrate, carbohydrate utilization test and motility – demonstration of commercial available rapid biochemical test

13.     Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Stokes disc diffusion method

 

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1.                  Medical Laboratory Technology by Kanai Lal Mukherjee; Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

2.                  An Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology by FJ Baker; Butterworth – Heinemann; Oxford

3.                  Text Book of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Paniker; Orient Longman, Hyderabad

4.                  Textbook of Medical Microbiology by Satish Gupta; JP Brothers, New Delhi

5.                  Practical Book of Medical Microbiology by Satish Gupta; JP Brothers, New Delhi

6.                  Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Vol. I and II by Monica Cheesbrough; Cambridge University Press; UK

7.                  Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology by Praful B Godkar; Bhalani Publishing House, Mumbai

8.                  Text book of Medical Microbilogy by Cruckshiank Vol. I and II

 

SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

Topic No.

Time allotted  (Hrs)

Marks Allotted (%)

1

2

4

2

4

8

3

2

4

4

2

4

5

6

14

6

4

9

7

4

9

8

6

12

9

6

12

10

4

8

11

6

12

12

2

4

Total

48

100